Abstract:Aim To establish the multiple risk factors models for patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) of different genders and then quantitatively analyze the risk of all factors. Methods A total of 8028 CHD inpatients and a control group of 336 cases without significant coronary artery stenosis were enrolled consecutively from January 2009 to January 2018. And they were divided into 4 groups of female CHD (n=2894), male CHD (n=5134), female control(n=129) and male control (n=207). All demographic and clinical data were collected by the physicians and master degree candidates in the division of cardiology. Results The Logistic regression models of multiple risk factors were established for CHD by different genders. More than 55 years of age, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension were all independent risk factors of CHD for different genders(P＜0.05). However, the same risk factor had dramatically different pathogenic effects on CHD in male and female. The odds ratio (OR) was markedly different for females and males patients, per 10-year increased over 55 years old (2.597 vs 1.424), dyslipidemia(3.297 vs 1.398), hypertension(1.484 vs. 1.800), type 2 diabetes mellitus(3.187 vs 2.303), respectively(all P＜0.05). In addition, the family history of CHD increased the risk of CHD attack in females by 3.714 times (P＜0.05). Comparatively speaking,the history of smoking increased the risk of CHD attack in males by 5.642 times (P＜0.05). Conclusions Dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus may present higher risk of CHD attack in females than males. However, history of smoking and hypertension are much more dangerous for males with CHD.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the gender differences in the levels of nitric oxide in prehypertension and its correlation with the number and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Methods Eighty consecutive population, 46.4±4.3 years old, were divided into four groups:normotensive premenopausal women (n=21), prehypertensive premenopausal women (n=20), normotensive men (n=19) and prehypertensive men (n=20). The nitric oxide (NO), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in plasma and secreted by circulating EPCs were measured in the four groups. Results The distribution of plasma NO level, the NO secretion by cultured EPCs in normotensive and prehypertensive premenopausal women were significantly higher than those in normotensive and prehypertensive men (P＜0.05). The plasma NO level or NO secretion by EPC in normotensive men was also higher than that in prehypertensive men (P＜0.05). However, the plasma NO level or NO secretion by EPC in normotensive premenopausal women was almost equal to that of prehypertensive premenopausal women (P＞0.05). The plasma NO level or NO secretion by EPC was related to the number or activity of circulating EPC. No significant difference was found in plasma VEGF or GM-CSF level in the four groups (P＞0.05). Conclusions The plasma NO level and NO secretion of circulating EPC were preserved in prehypertensive premenopausal women, which was correlated with the number and activity of circulating EPC.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of gender on （brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity baPWV）. Methods Cross-sectional study was used in our study.We studied the baPWV of 5 440 workers in the Kailuan study cohort from 2006 to 2007,and 5 222 cases who took part in the third examination in 2010 to 2011 with complete data included in the final statistical analysis.Multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to test the impact of gender on baPWV. Results The age adjusted mean value of baPWV was significantly higher in males than that in females（1570.19±300.53 cm/s vs 1507.93±301.27 cm/s,P<0.05）.After adjusting for age,systolic blood pressure,fasting blood glucose ,smoking,alcohol consumption and hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and other confounding factors,in the <60 age group baPWV was significantly higher in males than in females,and showed no difference between different genders in >60 year old group.In the <60 age group,after adjusted for age,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,fasting blood glucose,smoking,alcohol consumption and hypertension,female was an independent safety factor for baPWV accelerated ［OR（95%）0.74（0.59～0.93）］,compared with male. Conclusion The effect of age on baPWV are larger in females than in males.baPWV was lower in females than in males until age 60,and became similar in both genders over age 60.

Abstract:Aim To understand the character of distribution for hyperlipemia and hyperlipemia-related diseases in different population. Methods 3019 people who came to our hospital for clinical exanimation were divided into groups according to their sex and age and were measured for their blood level of triglycerin(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC).Then these data and clinical diagnosis were analyzed. Results The elevation of TC level was accompanied by the increase in age.In male group,the TG level was increased first followed by decrease with increase of age.However,TG level was enhanced with increase of age in female group.The level of LDLC in male group with age below 40 was significantly higher than in female counterpart(P<0.05),however,there was no statistic difference in LDLC level between male and female group with age over 40(P>0.05).Level of HDLC was decreased with the increase of age in female group,but we did not find any relation between HDLC level and age in male group.Detection rate of hyperlipidemia in male(59.0%) was higher than that in female(33.5%),female with high TG,high TC,high LDLC detection rate peaked in the≥61 age group,male with high TC and high LDLC peak detection rate in the same group,but peak prevalence of high TG in the 41～50 age group; The high level of fatty liver,hypertension,diabetes,hepatic steatosis were more frequently found in male group(29%,19%,8%,19%)compared with female group(16%,18%,6%,12%).In contrast,Atherosclerosis was more frequently found in female group(18%) compared with male group(12%).It was positively correlated between hyperlipemia and fatty liver,hypertension,diabetes,hepatic steatosis(P<0.05). Conclusion The hyperlipemia and hyperlipemia-related disease were differently distributed in different population divided by age and sex.Our finding is very important for the early prevention,diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipemia and hyperlipemia-related diseases and also supplies an interesting clue for research in the cause of the hyperlipemia and hyperlipemia-related diseases.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the gender differences of clinical characteristics and lesion morphology in patients with borderline coronary lesions. Methods From February 2007 to May 2009,1 920 patients from 4 first-class teaching hospital of BeiJINg with borderline coronary lesion (stenosis resulting in > 20% and < 70% lumen diameter reduction) confirmed by coronary angiography were enrolled consecutively. A total of 2 215 lesions were analyzed by Quantitative coronary angiography. Results A total of 639 female and 1 281 male were enrolled. Female patients were older than male subjects (65.47±8.60 years old vs 60.30±10.38 years old,P><0.01). The incidence of hypertension and diabetes was higher in female group (74.34% vs 60.50%,P><0.01; 26.45% vs 22.25%,P><0.05),but the incidence of smoking and history of myocardial infarction (MI) and PCI were lower in female group (6.42% vs 48.95%,4.39% vs 12.1%,12.21% vs 18.58%,P><0.01). Compared with male subjects,more female patients were diagnosed as coronary atherosclerosis (40.69% vs 28.81%,P><0.01) and less female patients were diagnosed as acute coronary syndrome (40.54% vs 50.67%,P><0.01). Calcification of lesions were more frequent in female cases (6.36% vs 4.14%,P><0.05) and plaque area was lower than male cases (7.62±3.22 mm2 vs 9.18±4.29 mm2,P><0.01). There was no signifi cant difference between genders with regard to other coronary lesion features. Conclusion Female patients with borderline coronary lesions were older than male subjects and had more concomitant diseases. However,female patients had less severe coronary lesions and higher incidence of calcification than male subjects.

Abstract:The ever-increasing incidence of hypertension and the high death rate of cardiovascular diseases raise an issue of how to efficiently identify genes associated with the polygenic diseases of hypertension.Significant gender differences in hypertension have been recognized over one hundred years.Males have higher average values of blood pressure as well as higher incidence of hypertension as compared to females in many ethnic groups.Genes or genetic polymorphisms governing the higher normal value of blood pressure in males may be the susceptible factors of hypertension.Hormone related genes or imprinting genes are considered as involvement in the development of gender differences of normal blood pressure and hypertension.The gender differences in responding to pro-hypertensive or anti-hypertensive agents have clinical implications in clinical practice.Additionally,better understanding the molecular genetics of normal blood pressure differences between genders may yield the identification of genes associated with the development of hypertension and eventually benefit to the diagnosis and therapeutics of hypertension.