Aim Biomarkers of vascular endothelial injury serve as crucial indicators for assessing vascular endothelial function and provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Currently, the mechanisms and clinical significance of classical biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and intercellular adhesion molecule, in CVD have been extensively studied. However, their limited sensitivity and specificity make it difficult to comprehensively reflect the progression of CVD. With the advancement of liquid biopsy and novel molecular biology detection technologies, emerging biomarkers of vascular endothelial injury have become a research focus. This article systematically reviews biomarkers of vascular endothelial injury, with a particular emphasis on the research progress and clinical applications of novel biomarkers in CVD.