Vascular remodeling is the pathophysiological basis of many cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, and various cells in the blood vessel wall play an important role in this process. Among them, vascular wall stem cells, as a type of adult stem cells that exist in the vascular wall, not only participate in angiogenesis during the growth and development of the body and early adulthood, but also can be affected by pathogenic factors in adulthood, activate from dormant state, differentiate into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, participate in vascular remodeling after vascular injury, and affect the process of related diseases. This paper reviews the latest progress of vascular wall stem cells in vascular remodeling-related diseases, so as to provide a basis for further demonstrating the possible therapeutic potential of vascular wall stem cells.