Aim To evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on restenosis and the expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) in abdominal aorta of rabbits after balloon injury. Methods Two groups of 10 male New Zealand rabbits received either rosuvastatin or no rosuvastatin after balloon injury.We did abdominal aorta angiography and observed the expression of TGF-β1 with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) six weeks later. Results The average stenosis degree(31.41%±7.08%) and the smallest inner diameters(1.74±0.25 mm) were better in rosuvastatin-treated group than that of the model group(55.25%±10.23% and 1.32±0.33).The average absorbency and the area of positive of TGF-β1 were dramatically lower in rosuvastatin-treated group than that of the model group(0.41±0.12 vs 0.57±0.17,31.37%±4.42% vs 40.58%±7.45%);The quantity of amplification products(22.37±4.42) was lower than that of the model group(42.47±5.41),there were significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05). Conclusion Rosuvastatin can improve the restenosis and decrease the expression of TGF-β1 in rabbits after balloon injury.