Aim To explore the effect of neuropeptide Y on lipid metabolism in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Methods The human vascular smooth muscle cell culture model was used for experiments. The expression of low density lipoprotein receptor in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells were quantitatively assayed by the immunofluorescent staining under laser scanning confocal micropscope. Results The averaged fluorescent value in control group was 2443±189,while the values in neuropeptide Y groups were 2015±164,1890±145,1841±123 and 1786±136,decreasing by 26.92%, 24.64%, 22.62% and 17.49%(p<0.01),respectively in 10 8 mol/L, 10 7 mol/L, 10 6 mol/L and 10 5 mol/L concentrations of neuropeptide Y, compared with control group. There was significant differences among the different concentrations neuropeptide Y groups in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion Neuropeptide Y may influence the lipid metabolism of human vascular smooth cells by downregulating low density lipoprotein receptor in human vascular smooth muscle cells.